Symptoms

You probably won’t notice any driving issues because it’s not sensor number 1. You will notice the Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL) lighting up. In some cases, however, the engine may run rough.

Potential Causes

Causes

of this DTC may include:

• Contaminated or faulty HO2S2 (sensor 3)
• HO2S2 wiring/circuit problem
• Incorrect fuel pressure
• Faulty fuel injector
• Engine coolant leak
• Faulty purge solenoid valve
• PCM failure

Diagnostic and Repair Procedures

Visually inspect the wiring and connectors for corrosion, rubbed/chafed/pinched wires, bent/loose wiring pins, burnt appearance, and/or crossed wires. Repair or replace as needed.

Check for exhaust leaks or other issues, repair if necessary.

Using a digital volt-ohmmeter (DVOM) set to ohms, check the resistance of the wiring harness connectors. Compare to manufacturer specifications. Replace or repair as needed.

If you have access to an advanced scan tool, use it to monitor the sensor readings seen by the PCM (engine running, at normal operating temperature in closed-loop mode). The rear heated oxygen sensor (HO2S) normally sees a fluctuating voltage between 0 and 1 volt; for this DTC, you will likely see the voltage “stuck” at 1V. Revving the engine should cause the sensor voltage to change (respond).

The most common fixes for this DTC appear to be either an exhaust air leak, a wiring issue with the sensor/wiring, or the sensor itself. If you replace the O2 sensor, buy an original one (manufacturer brand) for best results.

If you remove the HO2S oxygen sensor, inspect it for contamination from fuel, engine oil, and coolant.

Other troubleshooting ideas: use a fuel pressure tester, check the fuel pressure at the Schrader valve on the fuel rail. Compare to manufacturer specifications. Inspect the purge solenoid valve. Inspect the fuel injectors. Inspect the coolant passages for leaks.

P2278 Possible Causes

• Faulty O2 sensor
• O2 sensor harness is open or shorted
• Poor electrical connection in the O2 sensor circuit

What Does It Mean?

How to Fix Code P2278

Check the “Possible Causes” listed above. Visually inspect the wiring harness and related connectors. Check for damaged components and look for broken, bent, pushed out, or corroded connector pins.

P2278 Symptoms

Check engine light on (or service engine soon warning light)

P2278 Meaning

O2 sensor signals swapped, bank 1, sensor 3 / bank 2, sensor 3 is the generic description for code P2278, but the manufacturer may have a different description.

Symptoms

An air leak is one of the least tolerated issues with a fuel-injected engine. The air/fuel ratio must be precisely controlled to function correctly. Symptoms of an engine code P2279 may include:

• Illumination of the Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL) with diagnostic code P2279 set
• Stalling at idle
• “Hunting” or surging at idle
• Lack of power
• Dead spots during acceleration
• ECM sets additional codes such as engine misfire in cylinder number 1
• Engine “knocking” due to lean mixture
• Cherry-red exhaust manifolds from an overly lean mixture
• Hissing sound produced by the air leak
• Increased resistance in power brakes (harder pedal)

Potential Causes

Potential causes of this engine code may include:

• Leak between the engine side of the mass air flow sensor and the air duct
• Air duct leak on the engine side
• Leak at the intake air temperature sensor
• Leak at the throttle body
• Crack or leak in the intake manifold
• Disconnected or broken vacuum hose
• Poor fuel injector seal to the manifold
• Leaking brake booster vacuum hose
• Leak under the dashboard on a vacuum-operated device
• Stuck PCV valve
• Stuck oil filler cap
• Anything and everything connected to the intake manifold could potentially cause this scenario.

Diagnostic and Repair Procedures

• First, start the engine and open the hood. Listen for a hissing sound and trace it back to its source. Repair it if necessary. A heater hose held to your ear works well.
• Perform a propane test. Remove the nozzle from a propane torch and install a rubber vacuum hose. Start at the mass air flow sensor and work toward the intake manifold, directing a small amount of propane toward all suspected devices.
• There will be a dramatic change in idle speed when the leak source is located.
• Run the propane hose all around the air ducts leading to the throttle body and intake manifold.
• Check for an interior vacuum leak under the dashboard. Do not use propane; listen. Often, one of the vacuum motors for the HVAC doors has come loose.

NOTE: Be cautious when using unlit propane to find a leak; we are not responsible for any damage or injury that may result from its use! If you are unsure about using it, you can also spray carburetor/choke cleaner on suspected areas. Or, build your own smoke machine. There are alternatives to using propane.

Once the leak is detected and fixed, use a common code scanner to clear the code and reset the ECM.

This code may apply to any vehicle from 1996 onward, but it appears to be more common on Vauxhall, Saab, Honda, Acura, and VW.

How serious is this DTC?

A stored P2280 code will likely be accompanied by severe driving symptoms. The conditions that contributed to storing the code must be rectified as soon as possible.

What are some of the symptoms of the code?

Symptoms of a P2280 trouble code may include:

• Significantly decreased engine performance
• Engine may stall during acceleration
• Backfires may also occur during acceleration
• Misfire codes might accompany P2280

What are some common causes of the code?

Causes of this code may include:

• Clogged air filter element
• Torn or collapsed air intake hose
• PCV breather tube disconnected from air intake pipe
• PCM or programming error

What are the troubleshooting steps for P2280?

To diagnose a P2280 code, a diagnostic scanner, digital volt/ohmmeter (DVOM), and vehicle-specific diagnostic information source will be required.

If you can use your vehicle information source to locate a technical service bulletin (TSB) that matches the vehicle’s year, make, and model; as well as engine size, stored codes, and presented symptoms, they might provide useful diagnostic information.

Start with an inspection of the air filter element. If it’s excessively dirty or clogged, replace the filter and test the vehicle to see if symptoms disappear. If not, carefully check the air intake hose for any folds, cracks, or signs of collapse. If abnormalities are found, the air intake pipe should be replaced with an OEM replacement part.

If MAF codes accompany P2280, inspect the MAF sensor hot wire for unwanted debris. If debris is present on the hot wire, follow manufacturer recommendations for cleaning the MAF sensor. Never use chemicals or cleaning methods not specifically recommended by the vehicle manufacturer.

If the air filter is clean and the air intake pipe is in good working condition, use the scanner (connected to the vehicle’s diagnostic connector) to retrieve all stored codes and relevant freeze frame data. It’s a good idea to note this information before clearing the codes, then road test the vehicle until the PCM enters readiness mode or the code resets.

If the PCM enters readiness mode at this point, the code is intermittent and may be much more difficult to diagnose. If this is the case, the conditions that contributed to storing the code may need to worsen before an accurate diagnosis can be made.

However, if the code immediately resets, to complete the next step of your diagnosis, you’ll need to search your vehicle information source for diagnostic flowcharts, connector pinout diagrams, connector face views, and component testing procedures/specifications.

Follow manufacturer specifications to test MAF and MAP sensors using the DVOM. If both sensors are functional, test the system circuits. I prefer using the voltage drop method.

A stored P2280 code is typically corrected by repairing a clogged air filter element or a cracked air intake pipe

Severity of Code P2281

• Severity Level : 🔴 High (requires immediate attention).
• Risks :
  • Engine stalling (dangerous while driving).
  • Catalytic converter damage (due to overly lean mixture).
  • Risk of complete breakdown if the issue persists.

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Common Symptoms

• 🚨 Sudden loss of power (unable to accelerate).
• 💥 Backfiring from the exhaust during acceleration.
• ⚠️ Engine misfiring or stalling (especially at idle or low RPM).
• ⚡ Associated misfire codes (e.g., P0300-P0308).

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Main Causes

1. Damaged air intake hose :
   • Tear, kink, or collapse of the duct between the MAF and throttle body.
   • Example : Perforated hose on a Ford Focus or Volkswagen Golf.
2. Faulty MAF or MAP sensor :
   • Dirty MAF (oily air filter) or MAP providing incorrect readings.
3. PCV system issue :
   • Disconnected or cracked PCV breather tube.
4. PCM/ECU error :
   • Faulty reprogramming or outdated software.

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Diagnostic Procedure

Step 1: Visual inspection of the intake system

• Target : Intake hose (from MAF to throttle body).
• Action :
  • Check for tears, collapses, or loose connections.
  • Tip : Start the engine and listen for whistling sounds (air leak).

Step 2: MAF sensor cleaning/testing

• Tools : Specialized electronic cleaner (e.g., CRC MAF Cleaner).
• Procedure :
  • Disconnect the MAF sensor.
  • Gently spray the hot wire without touching the components.
  • Caution : Avoid using cloths or compressed air.

Step 3: MAP sensor verification

• Test :
  • Measure MAP voltage with a multimeter (reference: 1-5V depending on pressure).
  • Compare with manufacturer specifications (e.g., 2.5V at 1013 hPa).

Step 4: PCV system check

• Focus : PCV breather tube and valve.
  • Ensure the tube is properly connected and free of cracks.

Step 5: TSB (Technical Service Bulletins) search

• Example :
  • TSB 12-12-01 for certain Ford Escape models (intake hose collapse issue).
  • Use databases like AllData or Identifix.

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Solutions & Costs

Problem	Solution	Average Cost
Faulty intake hose	Replace with OEM part	€50 – €200
Dirty MAF sensor	Cleaning or replacement	€20 (cleaning) – €150
Disconnected PCV valve	Reconnection or tube replacement	€10 – €80
PCM reprogramming	Software update at a garage	€100 – €300

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Common Mistakes to Avoid

• ❌ Ignoring air leaks : Even a small leak can trigger P2281.
• ❌ Cleaning MAF with harsh products : Use only specialized cleaners.
• ❌ Forgetting to reset the PCM : Clear codes after repair and test by driving.

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Practical Case

• Problem : Code P2281 on an Audi A4 B8 with power loss.
• Diagnosis : Collapsed intake hose near the air filter.
• Solution : Hose replacement (€120) + MAF cleaning.

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Pro Tips

• Use a smoke tester to locate invisible micro-leaks.
• For turbo engines, also check turbo hoses (common leaks).

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Quick Summary

1. Inspect the intake hose.
2. Clean/test the MAF and MAP sensors.
3. Check the PCV system.
4. Consult TSBs for your model.

If the code persists, consult a professional with advanced diagnostic tools (e.g., Autel MaxiCOM). 🔧

How serious is this DTC?

A stored P2282 code will likely be accompanied by severe driving symptoms. The conditions that contributed to storing the code should be rectified as soon as possible.

What are some of the symptoms of the code?

Symptoms of a P2282 trouble code may include:

• Significantly decreased engine performance
• Engine may stall during acceleration
• Backfiring may also occur during acceleration
• Misfire codes might accompany P2282

What are some common causes of the code?

Causes

of this code may include:

• Major vacuum leak on or near the intake manifold
• Faulty MAP or MAF sensor
• Poor intake manifold gasket
• PCM or programming error

What are the troubleshooting steps for P2282?

To diagnose a P2282 code, a diagnostic scanner, digital volt/ohmmeter (DVOM), and vehicle-specific diagnostic information source will be required.

If you can use your vehicle information source to locate a technical service bulletin (TSB) that matches the vehicle’s year, make, and model; as well as engine size, stored codes, and presented symptoms, they could provide useful diagnostic information.

The engine must be in good working condition and capable of producing sufficient vacuum.

Start by carefully checking the intake manifold area for signs of vacuum leaks (with the engine running). Any vacuum leak large enough to store a P2282 code will likely be very obvious with the engine running (remember the EGR valve and PCV valve).

If MAF codes accompany P2282, carefully inspect the MAF sensor hot wire for unwanted debris. If debris is present on the hot wire, follow manufacturer recommendations for cleaning the MAF sensor. Never use chemicals or cleaning methods not specifically recommended by the vehicle manufacturer.

Use the scanner (connected to the vehicle’s diagnostic connector) to retrieve all stored codes and relevant freeze frame data. It’s a good idea to note this information before clearing the codes, then road test the vehicle until the PCM enters readiness mode or the code resets.

If the PCM enters readiness mode at this point, the code is intermittent and may be much more difficult to diagnose. If this is the case, the conditions that contributed to storing the code may need to worsen before an accurate diagnosis can be made.

However, if the code immediately resets, to complete the next step of your diagnosis, you’ll need to search your vehicle information source for diagnostic flowcharts, connector pinout diagrams, connector face views, and component testing procedures/specifications.

With the air intake hose intact and the engine in good working condition, follow manufacturer specifications to test MAF and MAP sensors using the DVOM. If both sensors are functional, use the voltage drop method to test the system circuit.

A stored P2282 code is typically corrected by repairing a faulty intake manifold or throttle body gasket.

How severe is this DTC?

The severity of this code is normally moderate, but P2283 can be severe and cause internal engine damage if not corrected in a timely manner.

What are some of the symptoms of the code?

Symptoms of a P2283 trouble code may include:

• Engine may not start
• Low fuel pressure
• Low oil pressure
• Check engine light illuminated

What are some common causes of the code?

Causes

of this P2283 code may include:

• Faulty injector control pressure sensor
• Malfunctioning oil pump
• Defective fuel pump
• Low oil or fuel level
• Faulty or damaged wiring
• Loose or faulty control module ground strap
• Corroded, damaged, or loose connector
• Faulty fuse or fuse link (if applicable)
• Faulty PCM

What are the troubleshooting steps for P2283?

The first step in troubleshooting any malfunction is to search for Technical Service Bulletins (TSBs) for the specific vehicle by year, model, and powertrain. In some circumstances, this can save you significant time in the long run by pointing you in the right direction.

The second step is to check the oil and fuel levels to ensure they are adequate. Then locate all components associated with the injector control pressure sensor circuit and look for obvious physical damage. Perform a thorough visual inspection to check that the associated wiring shows no obvious defects such as scraping, rubbing, bare wires, or burn marks. Next, check connectors and connections for security, corrosion, and damaged pins. This process should include all wiring connectors and connections to the injector control pressure sensor, PCM, and fuel pump. Consult vehicle-specific technical data to see if a fuse or fuse link is incorporated into the circuit.

Advanced Steps

Advanced steps become very vehicle-specific and require appropriate advanced equipment to perform accurately. These procedures require a digital multimeter and vehicle-specific technical references. In this situation, a fuel and oil pressure gauge may be the ideal tool to facilitate the troubleshooting process.

Voltage Checks

A reference voltage of approximately five volts is normally supplied to the injector control pressure sensor from the PCM under most circumstances. The reference voltage and acceptable ranges may vary depending on the specific vehicle and circuit configuration. Specific technical data will include troubleshooting charts and the proper sequence to follow to help you establish an accurate diagnosis.

If this process identifies the absence of a power source or ground, continuity tests may be required to verify the integrity of the wiring, connectors, and other components. Continuity tests should always be performed with the power disconnected from the circuit, and normal readings for wiring and connections should be 0 ohms of resistance. Resistance or lack of continuity is an indication of faulty wiring that is open or shorted and must be repaired or replaced. A continuity test from the PCM control to the chassis will confirm the serviceability of the ground straps and wires. The presence of resistance indicates a loose connection or possible corrosion.

What are the common repairs for this code?

• Adding oil or fuel
• Replacing the injector control pressure (ICP) sensor
• Replacing the fuel pump
• Replacing the oil pump
• Cleaning corrosion from connectors
• Repairing or replacing faulty wiring
• Replacing a blown fuse or fuse link (if applicable)
• Repairing or replacing faulty ground straps
• Replacing the PCM

Common Mistake

Replacing the injector control pressure sensor or fuel pump when faulty wiring is causing this issue.
Fortunately, the information in this article has been helpful in guiding you in the right direction to correct the issue with the injector control pressure sensor circuit error code. This article is strictly informational, and the technical data and service bulletins specific to your vehicle should always take priority.

How severe is this DTC?

The severity of this code is normally moderate, but P2284 can be serious and damage the internal engine if not corrected in a timely manner.

What are some of the symptoms of the code?

Symptoms of a P2284 fault code may include:

• Engine may not start
• Low fuel pressure
• Low oil pressure
• Check engine light on

What are some common causes of the code?

Causes

of this P2284 code may include:

• Faulty injector control pressure sensor
• Malfunctioning oil pump
• Defective fuel pump
• Low oil or fuel level
• Faulty or damaged wiring
• Loose or faulty control module ground strap
• Corroded, damaged, or loose connector
• Faulty fuse or fusible link (if applicable)
• Faulty PCM

What are the troubleshooting steps for P2284?

The first step in troubleshooting any malfunction is to search for Technical Service Bulletins (TSBs) for the specific vehicle by year, model, and powertrain. In some circumstances, this can save you a lot of time in the long run by pointing you in the right direction.

The second step is to check the oil and fuel levels to ensure they are adequate. Then locate all components associated with the injector control pressure sensor circuit and look for obvious physical damage. Perform a thorough visual inspection to check that the associated wiring has no obvious defects such as scraping, rubbing, bare wires, or burn marks. Next, check connectors and connections for security, corrosion, and damaged pins. This process should include all wiring connectors and connections to the injector control pressure sensor, PCM, and fuel pump. Consult vehicle-specific technical data to see if a fuse or fusible link is incorporated into the circuit.

Advanced Steps

Advanced steps become very vehicle-specific and require appropriate advanced equipment to operate accurately. These procedures require a digital multimeter and vehicle-specific technical references. In this situation, a fuel and oil pressure gauge may be the ideal tool to facilitate the troubleshooting process.

Voltage Checks

A reference voltage of approximately five volts is normally supplied to the injector control pressure sensor from the PCM under most circumstances. The reference voltage and acceptable ranges may vary depending on the specific vehicle and circuit configuration. Specific technical data will include troubleshooting charts and the proper sequence to follow to help you make an accurate diagnosis.

If this process identifies the absence of a power source or ground, continuity tests may be required to verify the integrity of the wiring, connectors, and other components. Continuity tests should always be performed with the power disconnected from the circuit, and normal readings for wiring and connections should be 0 ohms of resistance. Resistance or lack of continuity is an indication of faulty wiring that is open or shorted and must be repaired or replaced. A continuity test from the PCM control to the chassis will confirm the service level of the ground straps and wires. The presence of resistance indicates a loose connection or possible corrosion.

What are the common repairs for this code?

• Adding oil or fuel
• Replacing the injector control pressure (ICP) sensor
• Replacing the fuel pump
• Replacing the oil pump
• Cleaning corrosion from connectors
• Repairing or replacing faulty wiring
• Replacing a blown fuse or fusible link (if applicable)
• Repairing or replacing faulty ground straps
• Replacing the PCM

Common Mistake

Replacing the injector control pressure sensor or fuel pump when faulty wiring is causing this issue.
Fortunately, the information in this article has been helpful in guiding you in the right direction to correct the issue with the injector control pressure sensor circuit error code. This article is strictly informational, and the technical data and service bulletins specific to your vehicle should always take priority.

How severe is this DTC?

The severity of this code is normally moderate, but P2285 can be serious and damage the internal engine if not corrected in a timely manner.

What are some of the symptoms of the code?

Symptoms of a P2285 fault code may include:

• Engine may not start
• Low fuel pressure
• Low oil pressure
• Check engine light on

What are some common causes of the code?

Causes

of this P2285 code may include:

• Faulty injector control pressure sensor
• Malfunctioning oil pump
• Defective fuel pump
• Low oil or fuel level
• Faulty or damaged wiring
• Loose or faulty control module ground strap
• Corroded, damaged, or loose connector
• Faulty fuse or fusible link (if applicable)
• Faulty PCM

What are the troubleshooting steps for P2285?

The first step in troubleshooting any malfunction is to search for Technical Service Bulletins (TSBs) for the specific vehicle by year, model, and powertrain. In some circumstances, this can save you a lot of time in the long run by pointing you in the right direction.

The second step is to check the oil and fuel levels to ensure they are adequate. Then locate all components associated with the injector control pressure sensor circuit and look for obvious physical damage. Perform a thorough visual inspection to check that the associated wiring has no obvious defects such as scraping, rubbing, bare wires, or burns. Next, check connectors and connections for security, corrosion, and damaged pins. This process should include all wiring connectors and connections to the injector control pressure sensor, PCM, and fuel pump. Consult vehicle-specific technical data to see if a fuse or fusible link is incorporated into the circuit.

Advanced Steps

Advanced steps become very vehicle-specific and require appropriate advanced equipment to operate accurately. These procedures require a digital multimeter and vehicle-specific technical references. In this situation, a fuel and oil pressure gauge may be the ideal tool to facilitate the troubleshooting process.

Voltage Checks

A reference voltage of approximately five volts is normally supplied to the injector control pressure sensor from the PCM under most circumstances. The reference voltage and acceptable ranges may vary depending on the specific vehicle and circuit configuration. Specific technical data will include troubleshooting charts and the proper sequence to follow to help you make an accurate diagnosis.

If this process identifies the absence of a power source or ground, continuity tests may be required to verify the integrity of the wiring, connectors, and other components. Continuity tests should always be performed with the power disconnected from the circuit, and normal readings for wiring and connections should be 0 ohms of resistance. Resistance or lack of continuity is an indication of faulty wiring that is open or shorted and must be repaired or replaced. A continuity test from the PCM control to the chassis will confirm the service level of the ground straps and wires. The presence of resistance indicates a loose connection or possible corrosion.

What are the common repairs for this code?

• Adding oil or fuel
• Replacing the injector control pressure (ICP) sensor
• Replacing the fuel pump
• Replacing the oil pump
• Cleaning corrosion from connectors
• Repairing or replacing faulty wiring
• Replacing a blown fuse or fusible link (if applicable)
• Repairing or replacing faulty ground straps
• Replacing the PCM

Common Mistake

Replacing the injector control pressure sensor or fuel pump when faulty wiring is causing this issue.
Fortunately, the information in this article has been helpful in guiding you in the right direction to fix the issue with the injector control pressure sensor circuit error code. This article is strictly informational, and the technical data and service bulletins specific to your vehicle should always take priority.

How severe is this DTC?

The severity of this code is normally moderate, but P2286 can be serious and damage the internal engine if not corrected in a timely manner.

What are some of the symptoms of the code?

Symptoms of a P2286 trouble code may include:

• Engine may not start
• Low fuel pressure
• Low oil pressure
• Check engine light on

What are some common causes of the code?

Causes of this P2286 code may include:

• Faulty injector control pressure sensor
• Malfunctioning oil pump
• Defective fuel pump
• Low oil or fuel level
• Faulty or damaged wiring
  Loose or faulty control module ground strap
• Corroded, damaged, or loose connector
• Faulty fuse or fusible link (if applicable)
• Faulty PCM

What are the troubleshooting steps for P2286?

The first step in the troubleshooting process for any malfunction is to search for Technical Service Bulletins (TSBs) for the specific vehicle by year, model, and powertrain. In some circumstances, this can save you a lot of time in the long run by pointing you in the right direction.

The second step is to check the oil and fuel levels to ensure they are adequate. Then locate all components associated with the injector control pressure sensor circuit and look for obvious physical damage. Perform a thorough visual inspection to check that the associated wiring has no obvious defects such as scraping, rubbing, bare wires, or burns. Next, check connectors and connections for security, corrosion, and damaged pins. This process should include all wiring connectors and connections to the injector control pressure sensor, PCM, and fuel pump. Consult vehicle-specific technical data to see if a fuse or fusible link is incorporated into the circuit.

Advanced Steps

Advanced steps become very vehicle-specific and require appropriate advanced equipment to operate accurately. These procedures require a digital multimeter and vehicle-specific technical references. In this situation, a fuel and oil pressure gauge may be the ideal tool to facilitate the troubleshooting process.

Voltage Checks

A reference voltage of approximately five volts is normally supplied to the injector control pressure sensor from the PCM under most circumstances. The reference voltage and acceptable ranges may vary depending on the specific vehicle and circuit configuration. Specific technical data will include troubleshooting charts and the appropriate sequence to follow to help you make an accurate diagnosis.

If this process identifies the absence of a power source or ground, continuity tests may be required to verify the integrity of the wiring, connectors, and other components. Continuity tests should always be performed with the power disconnected from the circuit, and normal readings for wiring and connections should be 0 ohms of resistance. Resistance or lack of continuity is an indication of faulty wiring that is open or shorted and must be repaired or replaced. A continuity test from the PCM control to the chassis will confirm the service level of the ground straps and wires. The presence of resistance indicates a loose connection or possible corrosion.

What are the common repairs for this code?

• Adding oil or fuel
• Replacing the injector control pressure (ICP) sensor
• Replacing the fuel pump
• Replacing the oil pump
• Cleaning corrosion from connectors
• Repairing or replacing faulty wiring
• Replacing a blown fuse or fusible link (if applicable)
• Repairing or replacing faulty ground straps
• Replacing the PCM

Common Mistake

Replacing the injector control pressure sensor or fuel pump when faulty wiring is causing this issue.

Fortunately, the information in this article has been helpful in guiding you in the right direction to fix the issue with the injector control pressure sensor circuit error code. This article is strictly informational, and the technical data and service bulletins specific to your vehicle should always take priority.