Understanding OBD2 Code P1462 in Chrysler Vehicles

OBD2 code P1462 is a manufacturer-specific diagnostic trouble code that primarily affects Chrysler, Dodge, and Jeep vehicles. This code indicates a problem within the Air Conditioning (A/C) Pressure Sensor Circuit, specifically registering a “Low Voltage” condition. The A/C pressure sensor, also referred to as the A/C pressure transducer, is a critical component that monitors the pressure of the refrigerant within the A/C system. This information is vital for the Powertrain Control Module (PCM) to manage various engine functions and protect the A/C compressor from damage due to extreme pressure conditions.

What Does P1462 Mean Exactly?

The P1462 code specifically points to the electrical signal from the A/C pressure sensor falling below the expected voltage range that the PCM is programmed to recognize. The sensor typically operates on a 5-volt reference signal from the PCM. It returns a variable signal voltage back to the PCM that correlates directly with the A/C system pressure. When this returned signal voltage is consistently too low (often close to 0 volts), the PCM interprets this as a fault and stores the P1462 code, illuminating the check engine light.

The Role of the A/C Pressure Sensor in Vehicle Operation

While it might seem like a simple comfort component, the A/C pressure sensor’s data is used by the PCM for several important functions beyond just cooling the cabin:

• Engine Load Management: The PCM uses pressure data to anticipate the additional load the A/C compressor will place on the engine and can adjust idle speed accordingly.
• A/C Compressor Protection: It prevents the A/C clutch from engaging if refrigerant pressure is dangerously low (which could damage the compressor) or excessively high.
• Radiator Fan Control: On many vehicles, high A/C system pressure will trigger the radiator cooling fans to run, helping to dissipate heat from the condenser.

Common Symptoms and Causes of P1462 Code

Recognizing the symptoms associated with code P1462 is the first step in the diagnostic process. Drivers and technicians often report a combination of issues related to both the A/C system and overall engine performance.

Primary Symptoms of P1462

• Illuminated Check Engine Light: The most immediate and obvious sign.
• Inoperative Air Conditioning: The A/C system may not engage at all, or the compressor clutch may cycle erratically.
• Poor Engine Idle: The engine may stall or experience a rough idle, especially when the A/C is commanded on.
• Reduced Engine Performance: In some cases, the PCM may implement a fail-safe or “limp” mode, reducing engine power.
• Cooling Fans Running Continuously: The PCM may default to running the radiator fans constantly as a safety precaution.

Root Causes of P1462 Low Voltage

A low voltage signal can be caused by issues anywhere in the sensor circuit. A systematic approach is required to pinpoint the exact fault.

• Faulty A/C Pressure Sensor: The most common cause is an internal failure within the sensor itself.
• Short to Ground in Signal Circuit: The wire carrying the signal voltage back to the PCM may be damaged and shorted directly to ground (chassis), pulling the voltage down to near zero.
• Open or Shorted 5-Volt Reference Circuit: A problem with the wire supplying the 5-volt reference from the PCM to the sensor.
• Open Ground Circuit: A poor or broken ground connection for the sensor will prevent a complete circuit.
• Damaged Wiring Harness: Physical damage to the wiring harness near the sensor, often due to heat, vibration, or rodent activity.
• Failed Powertrain Control Module (PCM): Although rare, an internal fault within the PCM can cause it to misread the sensor signal.

Step-by-Step Diagnostic Procedure for P1462

A proper diagnosis requires a digital multimeter (DMM), a reliable vehicle information source for wiring diagrams, and sometimes a scan tool capable of viewing live data. Always begin with a visual inspection before performing electrical tests.

Step 1: Preliminary Visual Inspection

Before connecting any test equipment, perform a thorough visual inspection. Locate the A/C pressure sensor, which is typically found on the high-pressure side of the A/C system, often near the receiver/drier or the condenser.

• Check the sensor’s electrical connector for signs of corrosion, bent pins, or looseness.
• Follow the wiring harness from the sensor back towards the firewall, looking for any obvious chafing, cuts, burns, or damage.
• Ensure the connector is securely seated.

Step 2: Accessing and Interpreting Live Data with a Scan Tool

Connect your OBD2 scan tool and navigate to the live data stream. Look for the A/C pressure sensor PID (Parameter Identification). With the ignition ON and the engine OFF, observe the reading.

• A reading of 0 psi or 0 volts typically confirms a “low voltage” fault like P1462.
• Compare the reading to the static pressure in the system. If the A/C system has a normal charge, the scan tool should read a corresponding pressure (e.g., 70-110 psi, depending on ambient temperature). A reading of 0 psi with a properly charged system confirms an electrical fault.

Step 3: Electrical Circuit Testing with a Multimeter

This is the core of the diagnostic process. Disconnect the electrical connector from the A/C pressure sensor. You will be testing the vehicle’s wiring harness, not the sensor itself at this stage.

• Test for 5V Reference: With the ignition ON, probe the appropriate terminal (refer to a wiring diagram) in the harness connector. You should measure approximately 5 volts. If not, there is a problem in the reference circuit (open or short).
• Test for Ground: Set your multimeter to resistance (Ohms). Probe the ground terminal in the harness connector and a known good ground on the chassis. You should have very low resistance (less than 5 Ohms). A high resistance indicates a bad ground circuit.
• Test the Signal Circuit for Short to Ground: With the connector still disconnected, probe the signal wire terminal in the harness and a known good ground. There should be infinite resistance (OL on the meter). Any significant resistance reading indicates the signal wire is shorted to ground.

Step 4: Testing the A/C Pressure Sensor Itself

If the vehicle’s wiring harness checks out perfectly (has 5V reference, good ground, and no short to ground on the signal wire), the fault lies with the sensor.

• With the sensor disconnected, you can test its resistance across its terminals. The value should typically be within a specified range (often thousands of Ohms). An open circuit (infinite resistance) or a short circuit (near zero resistance) confirms a failed sensor.
• The most definitive test is to apply a known good 5V reference and ground to the sensor and measure the output signal on the signal pin. It should vary with pressure, but if it’s stuck at 0V, the sensor is faulty.

Repair Procedures and Final Verification

Once the root cause has been identified, the repair can be undertaken. The complexity of the repair depends on the diagnosed issue.

Repairing Wiring and Replacing the Sensor

For damaged wiring, repair the wires using solder and heat-shrink tubing for a reliable, permanent fix. Avoid using simple crimp connectors or electrical tape in the engine bay. When replacing the A/C pressure sensor:

• Recover the A/C refrigerant from the system using an EPA-certified recovery machine. It is illegal and dangerous to vent refrigerant to the atmosphere.
• Unscrew the old sensor and replace it with a new one, using new O-rings lubricated with refrigerant oil as specified by the vehicle manufacturer.
• Re-evacuate and recharge the A/C system to the exact specifications.

Clearing the Code and Performing a Functional Test

After the repair is complete, clear the P1462 code from the PCM’s memory using your scan tool. Then, perform a comprehensive functional test to ensure the repair was successful.

• Start the engine and turn on the A/C. Verify that the compressor clutch engages and the system begins to cool.
• Monitor the live data from the A/C pressure sensor again. The pressure reading should now be normal and should increase as the A/C system runs and the engine compartment heats up.
• Take the vehicle for a test drive to ensure no other symptoms are present and that the check engine light does not return.

Understanding the BMW P1462 Diagnostic Trouble Code

The P1462 code is a manufacturer-specific diagnostic trouble code (DTC) that appears exclusively in BMW vehicles. This code indicates a critical fault within the Digital Motor Electronics (DME) system, specifically related to the control unit’s internal monitoring circuits. When this code triggers, it signifies that the vehicle’s primary engine computer has detected an internal malfunction that could potentially affect engine performance, emissions, and overall drivability.

What Does P1462 Mean in BMW Vehicles?

P1462 specifically points to a “DME Control Unit – Self-Test Fault” or “DME Main Relay Monitoring” issue. The DME (Digital Motor Electronics) is BMW’s term for the Engine Control Unit (ECU) or Powertrain Control Module (PCM). This sophisticated computer manages virtually all aspects of engine operation, including fuel injection, ignition timing, and emissions control. The P1462 code typically appears when the DME’s internal self-test routines detect abnormalities in its power supply circuits, internal memory, or processing capabilities.

Technical Background of DME Systems

BMW’s DME system represents one of the most advanced engine management systems in the automotive industry. It continuously monitors thousands of parameters through a network of sensors and executes complex calculations to optimize engine performance. The system performs constant self-diagnostics, and when it detects an internal fault that it cannot correct, it stores the P1462 code and illuminates the check engine light to alert the driver of a potentially serious condition.

Common Symptoms and Immediate Effects of P1462

Recognizing the symptoms associated with the P1462 code is crucial for timely diagnosis and prevention of further damage. The severity of symptoms can vary depending on the specific nature of the DME fault and the vehicle model.

Primary Warning Signs and Driver Notifications

• Illuminated check engine light (possibly flashing in severe cases)
• Engine stalling or rough idle conditions
• Difficulty starting the vehicle or extended cranking times
• Reduced engine power or entering limp mode
• Poor fuel economy and increased emissions
• Intermittent engine shutdown while driving
• Other related fault codes appearing simultaneously

Performance and Drivability Issues

When the P1462 code is active, drivers may experience significant drivability problems. The vehicle might hesitate during acceleration, surge unexpectedly, or fail to maintain consistent power output. In more severe cases, the DME may implement a “limp-home” mode that severely restricts engine performance to prevent damage while allowing the vehicle to be driven to a repair facility. Complete engine shutdown is possible in extreme scenarios where the DME cannot function properly.

Comprehensive Diagnostic Procedure for P1462

Proper diagnosis of the P1462 code requires a systematic approach using professional diagnostic equipment and following BMW-specific troubleshooting procedures. Attempting shortcuts in diagnosis can lead to unnecessary parts replacement and increased repair costs.

Initial Diagnostic Steps and Equipment Requirements

• Begin with a professional OBD2 scanner capable of reading BMW-specific codes
• Document all stored codes and freeze frame data before clearing anything
• Check for technical service bulletins (TSBs) related to P1462 for your specific BMW model
• Perform a visual inspection of the DME unit, wiring harnesses, and connectors
• Verify battery condition and charging system operation
• Check ground connections and power supply circuits to the DME

Advanced Electrical Testing Procedures

Advanced diagnosis requires measuring specific electrical parameters at the DME connector. Using a digital multimeter, technicians should verify that the DME receives proper voltage at all required pins, typically including constant battery voltage, ignition-switched power, and clean ground connections. Resistance testing of the DME power supply circuits and communication networks (CAN bus) is also essential. Special attention should be paid to the DME main relay circuit, as failures in this component often trigger P1462.

DME-Specific Component Testing

Testing the DME unit itself requires specialized equipment and knowledge. This includes checking internal voltage regulators, monitoring processor operation, and verifying memory integrity. In many cases, professional diagnostic software like BMW ISTA (Integrated Service Technical Application) is necessary to perform comprehensive DME testing and programming procedures. Technicians should also inspect for water damage, physical damage, or signs of overheating on the DME unit and its surrounding components.

Repair Solutions and Technical Considerations

Addressing the P1462 code effectively requires understanding the root cause rather than simply replacing components. The repair strategy depends heavily on the specific diagnostic findings.

Common Repair Procedures and Component Replacement

• DME main relay replacement (a common and relatively inexpensive first step)
• Repairing damaged wiring harnesses or corroded connectors
• Addressing battery or charging system issues causing voltage fluctuations
• DME control unit replacement (requires programming and coding)
• Repairing damaged ground connections or improving ground paths
• Addressing water intrusion issues that may have damaged the DME

DME Programming and Coding Requirements

If DME replacement is necessary, proper programming and coding are absolutely critical. New or used DME units must be programmed with the correct vehicle-specific software and coded to match the vehicle’s configuration. This process requires specialized BMW diagnostic software and technical expertise. Attempting to install an unprogrammed DME will result in the vehicle being inoperable, and improper coding can cause numerous additional issues.

Preventative Maintenance and Long-Term Reliability

Preventing recurrence of the P1462 code involves addressing underlying issues that may stress the DME system. Regular battery replacement before failure, addressing charging system concerns promptly, protecting the DME from water exposure, and ensuring proper engine grounding are all essential preventative measures. Using high-quality components during repairs and following BMW-specific procedures will maximize long-term reliability and prevent related electrical issues.

Technical Challenges and Professional Recommendations

The P1462 code represents one of the more complex diagnostic challenges in modern BMW vehicles. Due to the critical nature of the DME system and the potential for misdiagnosis, this repair often requires professional intervention.

Why Professional Diagnosis is Recommended

Diagnosing and repairing P1462 faults typically requires access to BMW-specific diagnostic equipment, technical resources, and programming capabilities that most DIY enthusiasts lack. Misdiagnosis can lead to unnecessary DME replacement (a costly component) or failure to address underlying issues that caused the DME problem initially. Professional technicians with BMW-specific experience can often diagnose the root cause more efficiently and ensure proper repair procedures are followed.

Cost Considerations and Repair Prioritization

Repair costs for P1462 issues can vary dramatically depending on the root cause. Simple fixes like relay replacement may cost under $200, while DME replacement with programming can exceed $2,000. Given this cost disparity, proper diagnosis is economically essential. In some cases, DME repair specialists can refurbish faulty units at a fraction of the cost of new replacement, though this approach requires careful vetting of the service provider.

Successfully addressing a P1462 code requires methodical diagnosis, proper technical resources, and understanding of BMW’s sophisticated engine management systems. While challenging, with the right approach, this fault can be reliably diagnosed and repaired, restoring your BMW to optimal performance and reliability.

What is OBD2 Code P1462 in Audi Vehicles?

OBD2 code P1462 is a manufacturer-specific diagnostic trouble code that indicates a malfunction in the secondary air injection system of Audi vehicles. This system is crucial for reducing emissions during cold starts by injecting fresh air into the exhaust stream to help burn off unburned hydrocarbons. When this code appears, it signifies that the vehicle’s Engine Control Module (ECM) has detected an abnormal condition in the secondary air injection circuit, typically related to insufficient airflow or system performance.

Technical Definition of P1462 Code

The specific definition for P1462 in Audi vehicles is “Secondary Air Injection System – Insufficient Flow.” This code is part of the powertrain category and directly affects the vehicle’s emission control systems. The ECM monitors the secondary air injection system during cold start operations and compares expected parameters with actual performance data. When the actual airflow falls below predetermined thresholds, the ECM triggers code P1462 and illuminates the check engine light.

How the Secondary Air Injection System Works

The secondary air injection system is an emissions control device designed to reduce hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions during the first few minutes after a cold engine start. The system consists of several key components:

• Electric air pump that supplies fresh air
• Air injection valves or combi valves
• Vacuum-operated control valves
• Various vacuum lines and hoses
• System relays and electrical connections
• ECM control circuitry

During cold start conditions, the ECM activates the secondary air injection system for approximately 90-120 seconds. The electric air pump forces fresh air into the exhaust ports, where it combines with hot exhaust gases to promote additional combustion, thereby reducing harmful emissions before the catalytic converter reaches optimal operating temperature.

Common Causes of P1462 Code in Audi Models

Diagnosing P1462 requires a systematic approach to identify the root cause. Several components can fail and trigger this code, ranging from simple electrical issues to mechanical failures.

Electrical System Failures

Electrical problems are among the most common causes of P1462 codes in Audi vehicles. These issues can include:

• Failed secondary air injection pump relay
• Blown fuses in the secondary air system circuit
• Corroded or damaged electrical connectors
• Faulty wiring harnesses with broken or shorted wires
• Malfunctioning air pump motor due to electrical failure

The electrical system should be thoroughly inspected using a digital multimeter to verify proper voltage supply, ground connections, and circuit integrity before proceeding with component replacement.

Mechanical Component Failures

Mechanical failures in the secondary air injection system can also trigger P1462 codes. Common mechanical issues include:

• Seized or worn secondary air pump bearings
• Damaged air pump impeller or housing
• Cracked or leaking air injection hoses
• Failed check valves allowing exhaust gas backflow
• Clogged air filter or intake passages
• Vacuum line leaks or disconnections

Mechanical inspections should include visual examination of all system components, listening for unusual pump noises, and checking for proper vacuum operation.

Control System and ECM Issues

In some cases, the problem may lie within the control system itself rather than the mechanical components:

• Faulty vacuum control valves
• Malfunctioning air injection valves (combi valves)
• ECM software issues requiring updates
• Faulty pressure sensors or temperature sensors
• Vacuum reservoir leaks or failures

Step-by-Step Diagnostic Procedure for P1462

Proper diagnosis of P1462 requires a methodical approach to avoid unnecessary parts replacement and ensure accurate repair.

Initial Inspection and Preliminary Checks

Begin with a thorough visual inspection of the entire secondary air injection system. Check for obvious issues such as:

• Disconnected vacuum lines or electrical connectors
• Damaged air hoses or cracked components
• Corrosion on electrical connections
• Evidence of water intrusion in the air pump
• Verify fuse condition and relay operation

Use a diagnostic scanner to check for additional codes and monitor live data parameters related to the secondary air system during a cold start cycle.

Testing the Secondary Air Pump

The air pump is a critical component that requires specific testing procedures:

• Check voltage supply at the pump connector during activation
• Verify ground circuit integrity
• Listen for pump operation during cold start
• Measure current draw to identify motor issues
• Test pump output by disconnecting output hose and checking airflow

If the pump fails to operate with proper voltage applied, replacement is typically necessary. However, ensure the electrical supply circuit is functioning correctly before condemning the pump.

Vacuum System and Valve Testing

The vacuum control system must be properly tested to ensure correct operation:

• Check vacuum supply to control valves
• Test vacuum control valve operation
• Inspect check valves for proper one-way flow
• Verify combi valve operation and diaphragm integrity
• Check for vacuum leaks throughout the system

Use a vacuum pump and gauge to test valve operation and identify leaks that could prevent proper system function.

Repair Procedures and Cost Considerations

Once the root cause has been identified, proper repair procedures must be followed to ensure lasting resolution of the P1462 code.

Component Replacement Guidelines

When replacing secondary air injection system components, follow these guidelines:

• Use OEM or high-quality replacement parts
• Replace all gaskets and seals during component replacement
• Clean all mounting surfaces thoroughly
• Inspect related components while system is accessible
• Clear codes and perform system tests after repair

Common replacement components include the secondary air pump, check valves, vacuum control valves, and associated hoses and connectors.

Cost Estimates and Labor Times

Repair costs for P1462 can vary significantly depending on the specific component failure:

• Secondary air pump replacement: $400-$800 parts, 1.5-2.5 hours labor
• Check valve replacement: $50-$150 parts, 0.5-1 hour labor
• Vacuum control valve replacement: $80-$200 parts, 0.5-1 hour labor
• Relay or fuse replacement: $20-$50 parts, 0.3 hours labor
• Complete system diagnosis: 1-2 hours diagnostic time

These estimates can vary based on Audi model, engine type, and regional labor rates. Always obtain multiple quotes for major repairs.

Preventive Maintenance Recommendations

To prevent recurrence of P1462 and related codes, consider these maintenance practices:

• Regular inspection of secondary air system components
• Keeping electrical connections clean and protected
• Addressing other engine codes promptly
• Using quality fuel and maintaining proper engine operation
• Following manufacturer-recommended service intervals

Proper maintenance can extend the life of secondary air injection system components and prevent expensive repairs.

Understanding OBD2 Code P1462 in Acura Vehicles

When your Acura’s check engine light illuminates and you retrieve trouble code P1462, you’re dealing with a specific issue related to your vehicle’s climate control system. This diagnostic trouble code (DTC) indicates a problem within the A/C pressure sensor circuit, specifically pointing to a low voltage condition that the vehicle’s powertrain control module (PCM) has detected.

What Does P1462 Code Mean for Your Acura?

The P1462 code specifically refers to “A/C Pressure Sensor Circuit Low Voltage” in Acura vehicles. This sensor plays a critical role in monitoring the pressure of the refrigerant within your AC system. When the PCM detects that the voltage signal from this sensor is consistently lower than expected parameters, it triggers the P1462 code and illuminates the check engine light to alert the driver of a potential system failure.

How the A/C Pressure Sensor System Works

Your Acura’s A/C pressure sensor is a three-wire component that monitors refrigerant pressure and communicates this information to the PCM. The sensor typically receives a 5-volt reference signal from the PCM, provides a ground path, and sends back a variable signal voltage that corresponds to the current refrigerant pressure. This information helps the PCM determine whether to engage the AC compressor clutch and protects the system from operating under dangerous pressure conditions.

Common Symptoms of P1462 Code in Acura Models

Recognizing the symptoms associated with P1462 can help you identify the issue early and prevent further damage to your vehicle’s AC system. The symptoms may vary in severity depending on the underlying cause and how long the issue has been present.

Primary Warning Signs and Indicators

• Illuminated check engine light on your dashboard
• Air conditioning system not cooling properly or completely inoperative
• AC compressor clutch not engaging when activated
• Reduced fuel efficiency due to increased engine load
• Possible overheating in certain driving conditions
• Intermittent AC operation or fluctuating cooling performance

Secondary System Effects

Beyond the immediate AC system issues, the P1462 code can affect other vehicle systems. The PCM may implement fail-safe measures that impact engine performance, particularly in hot weather when the AC system would normally be working hardest. Some Acura models may also experience radiator fan operation issues, as these are often controlled based on AC system pressure readings.

Diagnosing P1462 Code: Step-by-Step Troubleshooting

Proper diagnosis of P1462 requires systematic testing of the AC pressure sensor circuit components. Following a logical diagnostic procedure will help you identify the root cause efficiently and avoid unnecessary part replacements.

Required Tools and Equipment

• OBD2 scanner capable of reading manufacturer-specific codes
• Digital multimeter with voltage and resistance testing capabilities
• Vehicle service manual for your specific Acura model
• AC manifold gauge set for pressure verification
• Basic hand tools for sensor removal and installation
• Electrical connector cleaning supplies

Initial Diagnostic Steps

Begin by verifying the code with your OBD2 scanner and checking for any additional codes that might provide context. Next, perform a visual inspection of the AC pressure sensor, its wiring harness, and electrical connector. Look for obvious damage, corrosion, or loose connections. Check the refrigerant level using an AC manifold gauge set, as low refrigerant can sometimes trigger similar symptoms.

Electrical Circuit Testing Procedure

• Disconnect the electrical connector from the AC pressure sensor
• With the ignition ON (engine OFF), check for reference voltage (typically 4.5-5V) at the appropriate pin
• Verify ground circuit integrity by testing continuity to chassis ground
• Check the signal circuit for shorts to ground or open circuits
• Test the sensor itself by measuring resistance across its terminals while applying varying pressure
• Compare all readings against manufacturer specifications for your Acura model

Professional Repair Solutions for P1462 Code

Once you’ve identified the specific cause of the P1462 code, you can proceed with the appropriate repair. The solution will depend on which component in the system has failed.

AC Pressure Sensor Replacement

If testing confirms a faulty AC pressure sensor, replacement is necessary. The sensor is typically located on the high-pressure line of the AC system. After recovering the refrigerant according to EPA guidelines, remove the electrical connector and unscrew the sensor. Install the new sensor using new O-rings lubricated with refrigerant oil. Finally, recharge the AC system to the specified refrigerant level and clear the trouble codes.

Wiring and Connector Repairs

For wiring issues, repair or replace damaged wires using proper automotive-grade connectors and heat shrink tubing. Ensure all connections are secure and protected from moisture and heat. For corroded connectors, clean the terminals with electrical contact cleaner or replace the connector entirely if damage is severe.

PCM Considerations and Final Verification

In rare cases, the PCM itself may be faulty, though this is typically the last component to suspect. Before condemning the PCM, verify all other circuit components and consult technical service bulletins for your specific Acura model. After completing repairs, always test drive the vehicle and monitor for code recurrence using your OBD2 scanner to ensure the issue is completely resolved.

Preventive Maintenance and Long-Term Solutions

Preventing recurrence of the P1462 code involves regular maintenance of your Acura’s AC system and addressing minor issues before they become major problems.

Regular AC System Maintenance Tips

• Have your AC system professionally inspected annually
• Check refrigerant levels and condition during routine service
• Keep the condenser and radiator clean from debris
• Address minor electrical issues promptly before they worsen
• Use your AC system regularly, even in winter months, to maintain component lubrication

When to Seek Professional Assistance

While many DIY enthusiasts can handle P1462 diagnosis and repair, certain situations warrant professional help. If you lack the necessary tools, expertise with automotive electrical systems, or EPA certification for refrigerant handling, consulting a qualified Acura technician is recommended. They have access to manufacturer-specific diagnostic information and specialized equipment that can streamline the repair process.

Successfully addressing the P1462 code in your Acura requires methodical diagnosis and quality repairs. By understanding the system components, following proper testing procedures, and using OEM-quality replacement parts, you can restore your vehicle’s AC system to optimal operation and prevent future occurrences of this troublesome code.